Improving IVIVCs

Two factors have been identified as being critical to improving the clinical relevance of DDU testing and APSD measurement: realistic breathing profiles and realistic throat and nasal models.

Many spacers/VHCs and nebulisers are used with facemasks instead of mouthpieces to administer the inhaled aerosol. This practice is commonplace in the case of infants and small children and in situations where the user lacks the capability of using a mouthpiece.

Whilst cascade impaction provides a useful indication of where inhaled drug particles are likely to deposit within the respiratory tract, it does not profile the morphological properties of these particles.

Cold Freon®” effect is the inadvertent reaction to the chilling sensation that hits the back of the throat following actuation of usually MDIs or Nasal devices.